Direct and Indirect Speech in English Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speech in English Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar-এর একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ topic। আমরা যখন কারও বলা কথা হুবহু বলি, সেটি Direct Speech। আর যখন সেই কথাটি নিজের ভাষায় বলি, সেটি Indirect Speech। এই lesson-এ Bengali learners সহজ Bangla explanation, English examples, rules, quiz এবং FAQ সহ Direct and Indirect Speech শিখবে।
Direct Speech এবং Indirect Speech কী?
English-এ কারও বলা কথা প্রকাশ করার দুইটি উপায় আছে: Direct Speech এবং Indirect Speech। Bengali learners-এর জন্য এই topic খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, কারণ exam, writing এবং spoken English—সব জায়গায় এটি ব্যবহার হয়।
Direct Speech
যখন কারও বলা কথা হুবহু quotation mark-এর মধ্যে লেখা হয়, তখন তাকে Direct Speech বলে।
She said, “I am happy.”
সে বলল, “আমি খুশি।”
Indirect Speech
যখন কারও বলা কথা নিজের ভাষায় quotation mark ছাড়া বলা হয়, তখন তাকে Indirect Speech বলে।
She said that she was happy.
সে বলল যে সে খুশি ছিল।
Direct Speech = বক্তার কথা হুবহু বলা।
Indirect Speech = বক্তার কথা নিজের ভাষায় বলা।
Direct Speech-এর প্রধান দুইটি অংশ
একটি Direct Speech sentence সাধারণত দুইটি অংশ নিয়ে গঠিত হয়।
| Part | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Reporting Verb | যে অংশে বলা হয় কে কথা বলেছে | He said / She said / They said |
| Reported Speech | যে অংশে বক্তার আসল কথা থাকে | “I am happy.” |
Reporting Verb: He said
Reported Speech: “I am tired.”
Direct থেকে Indirect Speech করার Basic Rules
Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech করার সময় quotation mark, pronoun, tense, time word এবং sentence structure পরিবর্তন হতে পারে।
1. Quotation Mark বাদ যায়
Indirect Speech-এ quotation mark ব্যবহার করা হয় না।
2. That ব্যবহার হতে পারে
Statement sentence-এ said-এর পরে অনেক সময় that ব্যবহার হয়।
3. Pronoun পরিবর্তন হয়
I, we, you, my, our ইত্যাদি speaker ও listener অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
4. Tense পরিবর্তন হয়
Reporting verb past হলে reported speech-এর tense সাধারণত past form-এ যায়।
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
Tense Change Rules in Indirect Speech
Reporting verb যদি past tense হয়, তাহলে reported speech-এর tense সাধারণত এক ধাপ past হয়ে যায়।
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | He said, “I play.” → He said that he played. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | She said, “I am reading.” → She said that she was reading. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | He said, “I have finished.” → He said that he had finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | She said, “I have been working.” → She said that she had been working. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | He said, “I went there.” → He said that he had gone there. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | She said, “I was studying.” → She said that she had been studying. |
| Will | Would | He said, “I will help you.” → He said that he would help me. |
| Can | Could | She said, “I can swim.” → She said that she could swim. |
| May | Might | He said, “I may come.” → He said that he might come. |
Universal truth বা চিরন্তন সত্য হলে tense change হয় না।
Direct: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
Pronoun Change Rules
Pronoun change Direct and Indirect Speech-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ। Pronoun পরিবর্তন করার সময় speaker, listener এবং meaning বুঝতে হয়।
| Pronoun Type | Examples | Change Depends On |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | I, we, my, our, me, us | Speaker |
| Second Person | You, your, yours | Listener/Object |
| Third Person | He, she, it, they, him, her, them | Usually unchanged |
Indirect: Rahim said that he was busy.
এখানে I → he হয়েছে, কারণ speaker Rahim।
Indirect: She told me that I was kind.
এখানে You → I হয়েছে, কারণ কথাটি আমাকে বলা হয়েছে।
Time and Place Word Change
Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech করার সময় কিছু time এবং place word পরিবর্তন হয়।
| Direct Speech Word | Indirect Speech Word |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| here | there |
| ago | before |
| last night | the previous night |
| next week | the following week |
Indirect: He said that he would go there the next day.
Assertive Sentence in Indirect Speech
Assertive sentence মানে statement বা সাধারণ বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য। এই ধরনের sentence indirect করার সময় said to সাধারণত told হয়।
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
Indirect: She told me that she knew me.
Wrong: She said me that she was ill.
Correct: She told me that she was ill.
Interrogative Sentence in Indirect Speech
Interrogative sentence মানে question sentence। Question sentence indirect করার সময় said বা said to-এর পরিবর্তে asked ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Yes/No Question
Indirect: He asked me if I was happy.
Indirect: She asked him whether he liked tea.
WH Question
Indirect: He asked me where I lived.
Indirect: She asked why I was crying.
Wrong: He asked me where did I live.
Correct: He asked me where I lived.
Indirect question-এ question form নয়, statement form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Imperative Sentence in Indirect Speech
Imperative sentence মানে command, request, advice, order বা instruction। এই ধরনের sentence-এ to + verb বা not to + verb ব্যবহার করা হয়।
| Meaning | Reporting Verb | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Command / Order | ordered / told | He ordered me to go there. |
| Request | requested / asked | She requested me to help her. |
| Advice | advised | He advised me to study regularly. |
| Prohibition | warned / told | He warned me not to go there. |
Indirect: He told me to open the door.
Indirect: She requested me to help her.
Indirect: The teacher told the students not to make noise.
Exclamatory Sentence in Indirect Speech
Exclamatory sentence emotion প্রকাশ করে। যেমন joy, sorrow, surprise, wonder ইত্যাদি। Indirect Speech-এ exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed with surprise, exclaimed with wonder ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Indirect: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her bag.
Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful place.
Modal Verb Change in Indirect Speech
Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech করার সময় কিছু modal verb পরিবর্তন হয়।
| Direct Modal | Indirect Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| will | would | He said that he would come. |
| shall | should / would | She said that she would help me. |
| can | could | He said that he could do it. |
| may | might | She said that she might join us. |
| must | had to / must | He said that he had to work hard. |
Direct and Indirect Speech Examples
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| He said, “I am a student.” | He said that he was a student. |
| She said, “I like English.” | She said that she liked English. |
| They said, “We are playing football.” | They said that they were playing football. |
| He said to me, “Do you know him?” | He asked me if I knew him. |
| She said to me, “Where are you going?” | She asked me where I was going. |
| The teacher said, “Read the book.” | The teacher told us to read the book. |
| He said, “Please give me some water.” | He requested me to give him some water. |
| She said, “I have completed my homework.” | She said that she had completed her homework. |
| He said, “I will visit you tomorrow.” | He said that he would visit me the next day. |
| She said, “I can solve the problem.” | She said that she could solve the problem. |
Common Mistakes Bengali Learners Make
Mistake 1: Question form রেখে দেওয়া
Wrong: He asked me where did I go.
Correct: He asked me where I went.
Mistake 2: Pronoun change না করা
Wrong: Rahim said that I was busy.
Correct: Rahim said that he was busy.
Mistake 3: Tense change ভুল করা
Wrong: He said that he is tired.
Correct: He said that he was tired.
Mistake 4: Said me ব্যবহার করা
Wrong: She said me that she was ill.
Correct: She told me that she was ill.
Interactive Quiz: Direct and Indirect Speech
প্রতিটি প্রশ্নের উত্তর ভাবুন, তারপর “Show Answer” খুলে উত্তর দেখুন।
1. He said, “I am hungry.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
2. She said, “I have finished my work.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
3. He said to me, “Are you ready?” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
4. The teacher said, “Do not talk.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
5. She said, “What a nice flower it is!” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
6. He said, “I will call you tomorrow.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
7. The boy said, “I can swim.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
8. She said to me, “Where do you live?” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
9. Rahim said, “I went to Dhaka yesterday.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
10. She said to me, “Please wait here.” — Indirect Speech কী হবে?
Quick Revision
Direct Speech
কারও কথা হুবহু quotation mark-এর মধ্যে বলা হয়।
Indirect Speech
কারও কথা নিজের ভাষায় quotation mark ছাড়া বলা হয়।
Question Sentence
Question indirect করলে asked + if/whether/WH word ব্যবহার হয়।
Command/Request
Imperative sentence-এ to + verb বা not to + verb ব্যবহার হয়।
FAQ: Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech কী?
Direct Speech হলো কারও বলা কথা হুবহু quotation mark-এর মধ্যে প্রকাশ করা। যেমন: He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect Speech কী?
Indirect Speech হলো কারও বলা কথা নিজের ভাষায় quotation mark ছাড়া প্রকাশ করা। যেমন: He said that he was happy.
Direct থেকে Indirect করতে কি tense সবসময় পরিবর্তন হয়?
না। Reporting verb present বা future হলে সাধারণত tense পরিবর্তন হয় না। Universal truth হলেও tense change হয় না।
Said এবং told-এর মধ্যে পার্থক্য কী?
Said-এর পরে object না থাকলেও চলে। কিন্তু told-এর পরে object লাগে। যেমন: He said that he was ill. / He told me that he was ill.
Indirect question-এ কি question form থাকে?
না। Indirect question-এ statement form ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন: He asked me where I lived.
Indirect Speech-এ that কি সবসময় লাগে?
না। Informal English-এ that বাদ দেওয়া যায়। তবে beginner learners-এর জন্য statement sentence-এ that ব্যবহার করা ভালো।
Final Words
Direct and Indirect Speech ভালোভাবে শিখতে হলে tense change, pronoun change, reporting verb এবং sentence type বুঝতে হবে। প্রথমে assertive sentence practice করুন, তারপর question, command, request এবং exclamatory sentence practice করুন।
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